Tinker

Tinker Visiting Professor Beatriz Jaguaribe will teach Environmental Imaginaries of Latin America during Spring 2024.

LAS 381 | Unique 38699 | CSN 114679
Tuesdays, 3:00–6:00 p.m.

Beatriz Jaguaribe holds a PhD in Comparative Literature from Stanford University. Since 1994, she has been a professor at the School of Communication of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. She has been a visiting professor at Princeton University, The New School for Social Research, New York University, and Stanford University, among other academic institutions. She received a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Andrés Bello Chair (NYU), an ICAS fellowship (NYU), and is a researcher at the CNPq in Brazil. Her areas of academic expertise are comparative literature, media studies, and urban culture. Her publications include the books Fins de século: cidade e cultura no Rio de Janeiro (1998), Mapa do maravilhoso (2001), O choque do real (2007), and Rio de Janeiro: Urban Life through the Eyes of the City (2014). Dr. Jaguaribe’s overall academic work focuses on three distinct thematic issues: urban imaginaries, inventions of the self in literature and visual culture, and representations of Latin American modernities and nation-building with special emphasis on Brazil. 

Course Description

The course will examine how notions of nature, culture, and landscape have been historically enacted and aesthetically conceptualized. In their environmental diversity, spatial contrasts, and social differences, terrains of nature/culture are gleaned as sites of colonial legacies, political disputes, social resistance, environmental destruction, and artistic invention. The course is divided into four thematic clusters that discuss aesthetic responses to the invention/dilemmas of nature/culture, colonial legacies, nation-building, collective trauma, and peripheral visibilities. In all four sections, differing historical periods, aesthetic inventions, and theoretical perspectives are juxtaposed.

Tinker Visiting Professor Sueli Carneiro will teach Black Feminist Epistemologies during fall 2023.

Course info: LAS 381 | Unique: 39644 | CSN: 114714
Mondays, 1–4 p.m. | SRH 1.320

Sueli Carnerio is a renowned public figure known as the godmother of Black feminism in Brazil. She is the winner of numerous prestigious national and international awards, including the 2021 Kalman Silvert Award for lifetime achievement from the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) and the 2022 Jabuti Prize for literary excellence (akin to a Nobel Prize for Literature in Brazil). She is also the first Black woman to be given an honorary doctorate from the University of Brasília (2022).

Course Description

Dr. Carneiro's graduate seminar surveys Black women’s epistemologies from a global South perspective. Focusing primarily on the work of Black Brazilian feminists (in Portuguese) and Spanish-speaking Black feminists from the Caribbean and Latin America, the course will consider what it means to decolonize epistemologies as a Black feminist project. How can we rethink the relationship between knowledge, power, race, and gender in ways that intellectually move us away from the traditional gravitational pull of the North? Fundamental to this conversation will be an exploration of transnational Black feminism, non-anglophone Black radical thought, and the power of engaging contradictions, community-engaged research, and deconstructing the hegemonic politics of Northern/Western canon.

Tinker Visiting Professor Víctor Zúñiga will teach International Child Migration: Children Circulating between the United States, Mexico, and Central America during fall 2023. Professor Zúñiga discusses the course in a short video here.

Course info: LAS 381 | Unique: 39669 | CSN: 114713 
Wednesdays, 11 a.m.–2 p.m. | SRH 1.320

Víctor Zúñiga is professor of sociology at Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Derecho y Criminología. His current projects relate to child migrants circulating between the United States and Mexico, new destinations of Mexicans immigrants in the U.S., and contemporary return migration from the United States to Mexico. His graduate seminar focuses on child migration between the U.S., Mexico, and Central America from a child-centered perspective.

Course Description

The hegemonic adultcentrism in migration studies seems to be receding thanks to numerous researchers who are making visible child migrants since the beginning of the 21st century. Today, child migrants are appearing on the scene. They are children enrolled in the circuits of internal migration, as well as participants in international mobilities. Children migrate, and they are migrants, in the same way as their parents and older siblings, with whom, generally, they move from one place to another.

This course echoes Madeleine Dobson’s invitation (2009) to “unpack children in migration studies” and overcome myopia that impedes researchers from seeing child migrants. Two types of adultcentrism will be discussed and criticized throughout the course. The first of these (adultcentrism type A) ignores migrant children because it considers them objects or suitcases carried by adults. Seen this way, children did not migrate, but were taken, and brought, as belongings one takes for trips. This type of adultcentrism includes different kinds of myopias that this course will discuss and analyze.

The second type of adultcentrism (type B) does not ignore children but directs its gaze toward them because they are "a source of anxiety" for adults. Children exist in migration, but as victims, in need of protection, disabled beings, devoid of knowledge and agency. Seen in this way, children are not migrants like their parents, but exist because they should be the object of public concern, because they are defenseless subjects who require State guardianship and/or adult protection. They exist, then, because adults give them existence.

The course will focus on child migrants moving/circulating between the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. In some sessions, the course will pay special attention on two populations: (a) Mexican-origin child migrants living in the United States, and (b) US-born children moving from the United States to Mexico (recent works named those children as the 0.5 generation because, once in Mexico, they do not belong to 2nd or 1.5 generation, anymore).

The analysis of available data and research on international child migrants will lead us to contemplate issues closely related with children's lives and experiences: migratory paths, integration and achievement in schools, the linguistic fractures, teachers' welcoming or unwelcoming practices, the division of family members by borders, the subjective journeys children undertake, and the national affiliations and disaffiliation experiences among those Mexican-origin immigrant children living in the United States and those US-born children and adolescents residing in Mexico after living in the United States during part of their lives.

Daniel Party is associate professor of music at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. His research interests include popular music and culture of the Americas and Spain; gender and sexuality; artivism and social movements; diaspora and migration. Party's scholarly work is interdisciplinary. He is the author of a wide range of articles on topics ranging from musical events and their relationship to democracy and political action, to questions of gender, cultural trends in popular music, and numerous other subjects. His forthcoming article in Latin American Perspectives is titled "The Right to Live in Peace: Musical Responses to Violence in the 2019 Chilean Uprising."   

Party will teach a graduate seminar titled Activist Arts in Contemporary Latin America, cross-listed with the Butler School of Music, during spring 2023. "The seminar will examine the increasing presence of the visual and performing arts in Latin American political activism of the 21st century," Party says. "It will consider how artistic and performative strategies have become central to social movements and protest, from Cuba’s Movimiento San Isidro to Chile’s LasTesis and their “A rapist in your path” performance, from Mexico’s #IlustradoresConAyotzinapa to Argentina’s Iconoclasistas. We will consider what elements contribute to the effectiveness of these artistic strategies, and how these strategies relate to civil liberties, the levels of political participation, and the state of democracy in the region. It will begin with theoretical considerations of artivism (Mouffe, Duncombe, Mattern) and then move to case studies that present a wide spectrum of strategies and political positions. The course will incorporate guest visits from Latin American artivists such as members of LasTesis, Delight Lab, and Iconoclasistas."

Sayak Valencia earned her doctorate in Feminist Philosophy and Critical Theory from La Universidad Complutense de Madrid. She is currently a professor and researcher in the Departamento de Estudios Culturales at El Colegio de la Frontera Norte /CONACYT in Tijuana-México. Her research focuses on feminism, trans-feminism, Queer/Cuir Theory, capitalism, necropolitics, violence, border studies, colonialism and decolonialism. She is author of the book Capitalismo Gore (Paidós, 2010; Gore Capitalism, MIT Press, 2018). Valencia will teach the graduate seminar Política Post-Mortem en Latinoamérica. The course will be taught in Spanish; students who understand and read Spanish are welcome. Course info: Tuesdays, 9 a.m.–12 p.m. LAS 384L; Unique 39903; SRH 1.320.

Valencia describes her course: "In today’s global context, violence becomes a persistent center for the organization and propagation of Western modernity-coloniality. Thus, death becomes a kind of civilizing technology that connects the contemporary context with the colonial intermittence, as a dynamic device for the economies of death. Resistances after death are called post-mortem policies (Valencia, 2020) and are politicizations of affection and mourning carried out by surviving members of the communities most affected by different types of lethal violence. To that end, this seminar will allow us to explore different forms of post-mortem politics in the Latin American context and also in the US from an interdisciplinary perspective between Literature, Film, and Cultural, Gender, Queer, Violence, Border and Affect Studies."

Gustavo Adolfo Vaamonde is professor in the Cátedra Historical Theory and Method, and director of the master’s program in History, at Universidad Central de Venezuela. He will teach the undergraduate course Political History in Latin America, examining political participation from the 19th century up to the present. The course will be taught in Spanish. Describing the course, Vaamonde writes, “El propósito del Seminario es revisar y estudiar críticamente el proceso de conformación de las Naciones y los Estados independientes de Latinoamérica desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta mediados del siglo XIX, como requisito metodológico previo para entender la creación, estructuración, consolidación y sustitución de las instancias y espacios de participación política de nuestras nuevas Repúblicas. A partir de esta etapa genésica hasta el presente, se han implantado en nuestras sociedades diversas doctrinas políticas, escuelas de pensamiento, así como también se han defendido diferentes anhelos sociales los cuales han condicionado la participación de las mayorías sociales en los espacios públicos de decisión. El sistema juntista monárquico, la movilización de masas en los ejércitos independentistas, el constitucionalismo liberal latinoamericano, el progresismo positivista, la consolidación de los partidos políticos modernos, la preeminencia del movimiento sindical, los sistemas de democracia representativa, la lucha armada hasta los sistemas populistas contemporáneos, serán revisados en el curso.”

Course info: Political History in Latin America (19th–21st Century), LAS 370S, Unique: 40269, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:30–11:00 AM, SRH 1.320. Course taught in Spanish.

María José Álvarez Rivadulla is associate professor of sociology and chair of the sociology area at Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. She is the author of Squatters and the Politics of Marginality in Uruguay (Springer, 2017), as well as numerous journal articles and book chapters. As Tinker Visiting Professor, she will co-teach, with Professor Javier Auyero (Sociology) the graduate seminar Urban Inequalities in the Americas (and Beyond): Configurations and Experiences. The course puts research and ideas on Latin American cities into dialog with research from the United States and beyond. Among other questions, the course examines the fact that in Latin America, class is the main cleavage determining residential choices and constraints for city dwellers. This is in contrast to cities the global North, where race and migration are the main factors.

Rolando Díaz-Loving is full professor in the Department of Psychology at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and a member of Mexico’s National Council of Science. His research focuses on psychological processes in couples and families, sexual behavior, health, and HIV, as well as cross-cultural psychology and ethno-psychology. He will teach a course titled Social Psychology in Latin America: An Ethno-psychological Approach in spring 2019. 

Gabriela Siracusano is director of the Research Center for Art, Materiality, and Culture at the Instituto sobre Arte y Cultura “Dr. Norberto Griffa,” at Universidad Nacional Tres de Febrero in Buenos Aires. She is also a scientific career researcher at the National Scientific and Research Council of Argentina, CONICET. She will teach a course on the visual and material culture of colonial Andean art in spring 2019.

Beatriz Bustos (Universidad de Chile) is a professor in the Department of Geography within the School of Architecture and Urbanism. Her research focuses on rural development, political ecology, and economic geography. She will teach the graduate seminar Political Ecology and the Geography of Commodities during fall 2018.

Alessandro de Oliveira dos Santos is senior researcher and professor at the Psychology Institute of the University of São Paulo. He works with Black and Indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon forest to address the effects of borders, tourism, mining, and hydroelectric projects on their lives. He taught the graduate seminar Environmental Racism and Struggles for Recognition among People of the Amazon Forest in spring 2018.

Felipe González Morales is a specialist in international human rights law who currently serves as the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Migrants. Prior to this, he  served on the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. A professor of international and constitutional law at Diego Portales University in Santiago, Chile, González will co-teach the graduate course Human Rights in Latin America with Ariel Dulitzky, clinical professor of law and director of the Human Rights Clinic and the Latin America Initiative at Texas Law. Read more about Professor González.

Bianca Freire-Medeiros, of Brazil, is a professor of sociology at the University of São Paulo (USP) and the coordinator of UrbanData, a database on urban Brazil. Her training in both sociology and the history and theory of art and architecture has led her to work with photographic and cinematic images of urban space and cultural otherness. She is the author of the book O Rio de Janeiro que Hollywood inventou (The Rio de Janeiro That Hollywood Invented, 2005), based on her dissertation, as well as numerous articles on U.S. representations of Rio de Janeiro in film, travel accounts, and scholarly writings. Her more recent work examines favela tourism. She produced the 2012 documentary A Place to Take Away, which looks at the implications of tourism in the favela of Roçinha. Professor Freire-Medeiros will offer the graduate seminar Rio Favelas and the Imaginary Brazil during the fall semester.

Rosalva Aída Hernández is a Mexican anthropologist currently working as professor and senior researcher at CIESAS (Center for Research and Advanced Studies in Anthropology) in Mexico City. Her research interests include ethnic studies, legal and political anthropology, postcolonial feminisms, and activist research. This includes a project exploring the experience of indigenous women with customary law and national law. She is author, most recently of Multiple InJustices: Indigenous Women, Law, and Political Struggle (forthcoming), as well as Sur profundo: Identidades indígenas en la frontera Chiapas–Guatemala (Deep South: Indigenous Identities on the Chiapas–Guatemala Border, 2013) and numerous other books and co-edited volumes. She is recipient of the Martin Diskin Oxfam Award for her activist research, and was awarded the Simón Bolívar Chair at Cambridge University for her scholarly achievements. Professor Hernández will teach the graduate seminar Epistemologies of Decolonialization, Identity, and Power in fall 2016.

Ruud van Akkeren is a researcher, anthropologist, and ethnohistorian at the Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Antropológias at Universidad del Valle, Guatemala. A native of the Netherlands, he has lived and worked in Guatemala for many years. Van Akkeren’s research interests include indigenous documents of Guatemala, Maya and Mesoamerican mythology and religion, Classic Maya collapse and birth of Postclassic confederations, and the Mesoamerican network of trade and its cosmology. His course offering this semester is the graduate seminar Understanding Maya Thought, which explores certain poorly understood texts containing a wealth of information on Maya history and religion, indispensible for understanding Maya and Mesoamerican thought. He has taught numerous workshops and courses internationally, including “La Ruta de la serpiente: Los gremios del comercio teotihuacano en Mesoamérica” (UNAM, 2014), “2012: The End of Time? Perception of Time Among Maya and Mesoamericans” (Netherlands, 2012), and “The K’iche’ Book of Creation and History: Popol Wuj, Its Facts, Its Interpretation” (to U.S. students in Guatemala, 2013).

Irma Alicia Velásquez Nimatuj is a journalist, social anthropologist, and international spokeswoman who has been at the forefront in struggles for respect for indigenous cultures. An LLILAS alumna, she is the first Maya-K'iche' woman to earn a doctorate in social anthropology. An activist-scholar, she initiated the court case that made racial discrimination illegal in Guatemala. Her graduate seminar is titled Gender and Politics of Indigenous Peoples. Velásquez Nimatuj has won numerous academic fellowships and awards for her journalism, and has served in numerous leadership roles. She was executive director of the Mecanismo de Apoyo a Pueblos Indígenas Oxlajuj Tzikin (Support Mechanism for Indigenous Peoples) (2005–2013). She was a member of the Latin American Consulting Group of Indigenous Leaders for UNICEF and participates in the UN through the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. From 2014 to 2015, she served as adviser on indigenous issues for the Latin American and Caribbean office of UN Women. Velásquez Nimatuj is the author of Pueblos Indígenas: estado y lucha por tierra en Guatemala (AVANCSO 2008) and La pequeña burguesía indígena comercial de Guatemala: Desigualdades de clase, raza y género (AVANCSO-SERJUS 2002). She writes a weekly newspaper column in El Periódico de Guatemala, and through both her political and academic efforts seeks to create viable and realistic ways to advance equality for indigenous people and promote a truly democratic and participatory democracy in Guatemala.

Pablo de Larrañaga is Professor of Law at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City and Director of the Program in Regulation, Infrastructure, and Development and of the LLM in administrative law and regulation at ITAM. He received a PhD in law and a diploma in European Union studies from the University of Alicante, Spain, an LLM in legal theory from the European Academy of Legal Theory in Brussels, and an LLB from ITAM. Dr. Larrañaga’s research expertise includes Mexican public law, constitutional law, regulation, globalization, and economic law. His recent publications include the book Regulación:  Técnica jurídica y razonamiento económico (Mexico City: Ed. Porrua, 2009) and the forthcoming book Metodología de la mejora regulatoria (Mexico City: Dofiscal, 2013). Dr. Larrañaga is a member of the National System of Researchers and has been a visiting scholar and researcher at a number of universities internationally, including Harvard Law School, Genoa University, Katholieke Universiteit Brussel, and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona. He will teach two courses in Fall 2013, a LLILAS graduate seminar, Latin American Market Systems, and a Law School seminar, Mexican Public Law. 

Magdalena Villarreal is Senior Researcher and Professor at the Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) Occidente in Guadalajara, Mexico. She is currently co-director of two research projects: one on poverty and aging in collaboration with the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Occidente (ITESO) at the Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara, and one on financial practices in Mexican and Indian rural communities with the University of California, Irvine. Dr. Villarreal received a PhD in the sociology of rural development and an MSC in the management of agricultural knowledge systems from Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and a BA in history from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Her research expertise includes poverty, indigenous issues, finance and development issues, migration and human rights, social policy, and gender issues. Her recent publications include “Cashing Identities: Debt in the Non-material World of Money among Rural Mexicans,” and “Introduction. Defying Poverty: Myths of Economic Control and Power” in Paerregaard, Karsten, and Webster (eds.), The Byways of the Poor: Organizing Practices and Economic Control in the Developing World (Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2012), and a coauthored article, “About Calculations and Social Currencies: Indigenous Households’ Financial Practices in the Highlands of Chiapas.” Dr. Villarreal is a member of the Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (AMC); she has worked as a consultant internationally and was a visiting professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She will teach the graduate seminar Poverty in the Age of Financialization during Fall 2013

Jorge Mario Sánchez Egozcue holds a PhD in international economics from the Universidad de La Habana, where he has been a researcher and Professor of International Relations and Economics since 1990. He previously worked at the Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos y sobre Estados Unidos (CESEU) from 1990–2010 and has worked at the Centro de Estudios de la Economía Cubana (CEEC) since 2010. Throughout his career, Dr. Sánchez has carried out research on the political and economic aspects of international relations between Latin America and the United States, Canada, and Europe, as well as research on the macroeconomic policies, commerce, and development of the Cuban economy. He also has worked as a specialist for the Cuban Ministries of Public Health, Basic Industry, and the Central Board of Economics. Dr. Sánchez has published numerous articles, most recently, “United States–Cuba Economic Relations: The Pending Normalization,” which was featured in the book Debating U.S.-Cuban Relations, published in 2012. He has served as a visiting professor and visiting researcher at numerous universities across the globe, including Harvard, Columbia, Georgetown, and American universities in the U.S.; the Université de Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle in France; Trent, Hamilton, and Carleton universities in Canada; and El Colegio de México and the Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico. During his visit to UT, Dr. Sánchez will teach the graduate class Latin American Economics and Development.

Teófilo Altamirano, who holds PhDs in anthropology from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima, Peru, and the University of Durham in England, has been Professor of Social Science at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru since 1989. Throughout his career, Dr. Altamirano has carried out research on emigration from the Andean region, Andean migrants in the United States and Europe, and conditions of urban poverty and inequality. His most recent research on climate change and migration provides a framework for understanding the consequences of climate change in the most vulnerable rural and urban areas of Latin America. Dr. Altamirano also has worked as a consultant to the World Bank and the International Organization for Migration on issues of internal migration and development in Andean countries, the Peruvian international migrant profile, and indigenous populations in Peru, Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivia. He has published thirteen books, his most recent Refugiados ambientales: Cambio climatico y desplazamiento humano, published in 2012 by CISEPA-UNFPA.  Dr. Altamirano has served as a visiting professor and visiting researcher at numerous universities across the globe, including Oxford University, the University of Winnipeg in Canada, the Universidad del País Vasco in Spain, the University of Florida and the University of Arkansas (both as Fulbright visiting professor), and the University of Michigan. Dr. Altamirano is fluent in English, Spanish, and Quechua. During his visit to UT, he will teach the graduate class Climate Change and Migration.

Juan Darío Restrepo holds a PhD from the Marine Science Program at the University of South Carolina. In his work since then, he has continued to carry out research on the environmental oceanography of deltas, estuaries, and coastal lagoons waters, especially on the factors controlling water discharge, sediment load, and dissolved load to the ocean from the Pacific and Caribbean rivers of Colombia. His research focuses on improving the understanding of the natural and anthropogenic causes affecting denudation rates and sediment transport to the Caribbean Sea from the largest fluvial system of Colombia, the Magdalena River. Dr. Restrepo has been head of the Magdalena River Science Initiative in Colombia and is currently a full Professor of Geological Sciences at EAFIT University, Colombia. He has been involved as a resource scientist for the sub-programs of LOICZ-IGBP Basins, SAmBas (South American Basins), and CariBas (Caribbean Basins), and also as a member of the Scientific Steering Committees of LOICZ-IGBP and Colciencias (Colombia) in the Marine Science Program. Dr. Restropo is a coauthor of the Coastal Communities and Systems and Caribbean Assessment chapters of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) and a visiting professor of the European Union in the master's program Water and Coastal Management. He is also a visiting scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder (2009–2011), and a consultant of the International Water Project (United Nations University and Global Environmental Fund, GEF). During his visit to UT, he will teach the class Environmental Data Analysis: Applications in Latin America.

Jacinto Rodríguez received his MA in Spanish American literature from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in 2000. A practicing journalist who has gained a national reputation for his writing on Mexican politics and the press, he currently works as coordinator of the program Prensa y Democracia at the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City, where he lectures on journalist rights, the press and politics in Mexico, and the role of Mexican intelligence in Mexico’s dirty war of the 1960s and 1970s. He has written for such newspapers and magazines as El Universal, Emeequis, Milenio, and Proceso and is the author most recently of the books La otra guerra secreta: Los archivos prohibidos de la prensa y el poder and Las nóminas secretas de gobernación: Una investigación sobre los aparatos de inteligencia en los años de guerra sucia en México. During spring 2011, he will teach the graduate seminar Secret Relationships: The Press and Political Power in Mexico.

Francisco Thoumi received a PhD in economics from the University of Minnesota and an BA from the Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia. After working for several decades on international trade, Latin American integration, and economic development and industrialization, he began focusing his research on drugs to better understand what was taking place in the Andean countries. He uses a multidisciplinary approach as a basis for policy analysis. Dr. Thoumi’s main research has been on the competitive advantage of coca- and poppy-growing countries. He has worked on the issue of drugs in Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. During 1999–2000, he was a Research Coordinator for the UN Program Against Money Laundering and also coordinated publication of the World Drug Report, 2000. His outstanding research has been funded by the UN Research Institute for Social Development, UNDP, and the Open Society Institute. During his fall 2009 visit, Dr. Thoumi taught the course Political Economy and Social Problems of Illegal Drugs in the Andes (and Other Countries): A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Rafael Rojas, a specialist in Cuban intellectual history, holds a PhD in history from El Colegio de México as well as degrees from the Universidad de La Habana and UNAM in Mexico. He has published thirteen single-author books, among them Cuban Intellectual History, Cuba mexicana: Historia de una anexión, and La política de adiós, as well as numerous articles and book chapters covering the nineteenth century to the present. Dr. Rojas is a professor at the Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economicas (CIDE) in Mexico City. During 2007, he was a visiting professor at both Princeton and Columbia University.